MODIS LST: Satellite surface temperature at 1km resolution (8-day composite, Jan-Feb). Compares point value to 5×5 neighborhood for urban heat island detection.

ERA5 Climate: 5-year summer daily max temperature (Dec-Feb) from Open-Meteo historical API. Used as fallback when MODIS unavailable.

Local factors: Building density (Overture buildings within 500m, penalty up to 12 pts) and greenspace (Overture POIs within 1km, bonus up to 5 pts).

Buildings on map: Colored by height — taller, denser clusters trap more heat and reduce airflow. Green = low-rise, red = high-rise.